Understanding Mpox: What You Need to Know

Mpox, formerly known as monkeypox, is a viral disease that has recently garnered attention due to emerging outbreaks in certain parts of the world. This article aims to provide clear and concise information about Mpox, addressing common questions and concerns, and offering guidance on prevention and protection measures.

What is Mpox?

Mpox is an infectious disease caused by the Mpox virus, which belongs to the same family of viruses as variola virus (the cause of smallpox). Although Mpox is generally less severe than smallpox, it can still lead to significant health issues, especially in vulnerable populations.

Classification of Mpox Viruses

The Mpox virus is classified into two main groups known as clades:

• Clade 1: Traditionally associated with more severe disease presentations.
• Clade 2: Generally causes milder symptoms compared to Clade 1.

In 2022, a notable outbreak of Clade 2 Mpox occurred, prompting the development and deployment of effective vaccines. Recently, cases of Clade 1b Mpox have been reported, primarily confined to several Central African countries and among travellers returning from these regions. The World Health Organization (WHO) has described this clade as causing more severe illness compared to previous strains.

What is the Current Risk Level in the UK?

As of now, the risk of Mpox infection in the UK remains low, according to assessments by the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA). Vigilant monitoring and preventive measures are in place to promptly identify and manage any potential cases, ensuring public safety and health.

How Does Mpox Spread?

Mpox does not spread easily between people and requires close contact for transmission. Understanding the modes of transmission is crucial for effective prevention.

Modes of Transmission

1. Direct Skin-to-Skin Contact: Touching the skin lesions or scabs of an infected person can lead to transmission. This includes contact during sexual activity, hugging, kissing, or other forms of close physical interaction.
2. Respiratory Droplets: Prolonged face-to-face contact can facilitate the spread of the virus through respiratory droplets expelled when an infected person coughs or sneezes.
3. Contaminated Objects: Handling clothing, bedding, towels, or other materials that have been in contact with an infected individual’s lesions or bodily fluids can result in infection.
4. Animal-to-Human Transmission: Contact with infected animals, particularly rodents which are considered primary reservoirs of the virus, can also transmit Mpox. It’s important to note that no cases of animal-to-human transmission have been detected in the UK.

What are the Symptoms of Mpox?

Recognising the symptoms of Mpox can aid in early detection and treatment.

Common Symptoms

• Fever
• Headache
• Muscle aches
• Back pain
• Swollen lymph nodes
• Chills
• Exhaustion
• Rash and Lesions: A distinctive rash often develops, starting on the face and spreading to other parts of the body, including the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. The rash progresses through several stages, eventually forming scabs that later fall off.

Symptoms typically appear within 5 to 21 days after exposure and the illness usually lasts for 2 to 4 weeks. If you experience these symptoms, especially after traveling to areas with reported cases, it is important to seek medical advice promptly.

How Can You Protect Yourself from Mpox?

Preventive measures are key in reducing the risk of Mpox infection.

Preventive Steps

1. Avoid Close Contact: Refrain from close physical contact with individuals who have symptoms consistent with Mpox, such as unexplained rashes or lesions.
2. Practice Good Hygiene: Regular handwashing with soap and water or using alcohol-based hand sanitisers can help prevent transmission.
3. Be Cautious with Animals: Avoid contact with wild animals that could harbour the virus, particularly in areas where Mpox is known to be present.
4. Use Protective Equipment: Healthcare workers and caregivers should use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) when caring for infected individuals.
5. Stay Informed: Keep up-to-date with travel advisories and health information from reliable sources, especially when planning to visit regions with reported Mpox cases.

Is There a Vaccine for Mpox?

Yes, vaccination is an effective tool in preventing Mpox infection.

Mpox Vaccination Details

• Vaccine Used: The Imvanex vaccine (known as Jynneos in the United States) has been authorised for use against Mpox in the UK. This vaccine was initially developed in response to the 2022 Clade 2 outbreak and has shown effectiveness against various strains, including Clade 1b.
• Dosage Schedule: The vaccination regimen consists of two doses administered one month apart to achieve optimal protection.
• Availability:
  • The vaccine is currently available through selected NHS clinics in London and Manchester.
  • It is not available through private healthcare providers.
• Who Should Get Vaccinated?:
  • Healthcare workers who are involved in the care of Mpox patients.
  • Individuals at higher risk of exposure, such as certain laboratory personnel and people who have had close contact with confirmed cases.
  • Travellers to areas where Mpox outbreaks have been reported should consult healthcare professionals to assess their need for vaccination.
• How to Access the Vaccine:
  • Eligible individuals can receive the vaccine by visiting designated NHS clinics. Locations and appointment details can be found on the official NHS website.
  • Suspected cases of Mpox infection should visit their local HIV/Sexual Health clinic or obtain a referral from their GP for appropriate testing and care.

Vaccine Safety and Side Effects

The Imvanex vaccine has undergone rigorous testing to ensure its safety and efficacy. Common side effects are generally mild and may include:

• Pain or redness at the injection site
• Headache
• Muscle aches
• Fatigue
• Nausea

These side effects typically resolve on their own within a few days. If you experience any severe or persistent symptoms after vaccination, it’s advisable to seek medical attention.

Frequently Asked Questions about Mpox

1. Can Mpox be treated?

There is no specific treatment approved for Mpox; however, the disease is usually self-limiting, and most individuals recover fully without intervention. Supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications is essential. In some cases, antiviral medications used for smallpox may be considered under medical supervision.

2. Should I be worried about contracting Mpox in the UK?

The current risk of contracting Mpox in the UK is low. Authorities are actively monitoring the situation and have measures in place to detect and contain any potential cases swiftly. Staying informed and following recommended preventive practices can further reduce your risk.

3. Who is most at risk of Mpox infection?

Individuals who travel to or reside in areas with active outbreaks, or those who have close contact with infected persons or animals, are at higher risk. Healthcare workers caring for Mpox patients also have an elevated risk but can protect themselves effectively through proper use of PPE and vaccination.

4. Can Mpox spread through casual contact or public spaces?

Mpox requires close and prolonged contact for transmission. It does not spread easily through casual interactions, such as passing someone on the street or sharing public spaces.

5. Is the Mpox vaccine safe for everyone?

The Imvanex vaccine is considered safe for most adults. However, individuals with specific health conditions or allergies should consult healthcare professionals before vaccination. Pregnant or breastfeeding women should discuss potential risks and benefits with their doctor.

Conclusion

While Mpox remains a concern in certain parts of the world, understanding the disease and adhering to recommended preventive measures can significantly mitigate risks. Staying informed through reliable sources and seeking medical advice when necessary empowers individuals to protect themselves and their communities effectively.

For more detailed information and updates on Mpox, please refer to resources provided by the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) and the World Health Organization (WHO).

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Written by Derek Evans FFTM RCPS(Glasgow), FISTM, FRPharmS, FRGS

Travel Health and Vaccination Lead

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